As I see it the critical article I have seen is an attack made by supporters of step systems.
In Denmark the official Denmark has made an attack against the faith based programs. The Minnesota treatment in various forms is the most widespread step program in use.
The best result are made by treatment of the relatives. Projects like
U-turn in Copenhagen has analyzed the treatment industry in the states and they found that underneath all the fine marketing the day-to-day "treatment" is done by either peers or lowpaid staff to cut costs. Please point to a program where all the staff is qualified. I havn't found it.
So U-turn teach the parents to be mini-therapists. Instead of judging cuttings, drug use and the few cases of binge-drinking which exist so they can get their own children to talk with them rather than shout at them. The result is that most of the drug-treatment remain out-patient, which is cheaper.
No home contract. Zero-tolorance creates secrets, but the parents have to make a statement rather than being afraid of raising the issue.
Let me be clear about one thing. I don't like drug use. I prefer alcohol. It is safer because all alcohol sold in our shop is controlled and checked to see if the standard is upheld. Drugs could be safer it they were sold under control, but they are not. Pushers mix all kind of stuff into the drugs to create more profit and some of the stuff are poison that kills people. That doesn't mean that one should not have respect for alcohol. Alcohol should not be a habit. It should not be something you need to drink in order to do something.
I believe that there should be a treatment industry. I don't care how people can free themselves of an addiction as long as it is done while perserving the clients dignity. Last but not least I believe that 99% of all this treatment can be done out-patient, if the relatives choose to take the time to learn about the problem rather than shutting down.