http://namisandiego.org/factsheets/ptsd.pdfPosttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) is an
anxiety disorder that
can occur after someone
experiences a traumatic
event that caused
intense fear, helplessness,
or horror. PTSD
can result from personally
experienced traumas
(e.g., rape, war,
natural disasters, abuse,
serious accidents, and
captivity) or from the
witnessing or learning
of a violent or tragic
event.
While it is common to
experience a brief state
of anxiety or depression
after such occurrences,
people with
PTSD continually reexperience
the traumatic
event; avoid individuals,
thoughts, or
situations associated
with the event; and
have symptoms of excessive
emotions. People
with this disorder
have these symptoms
for longer than one
month and cannot function
as well as they did
before the traumatic
event. PTSD symptoms
usually appear within
three months of the
traumatic experience;
however, they sometimes
occur months or
even years later
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
August 2003
How common
is PTSD?
Studies suggest that anywhere
between 2 percent
and 9 percent of the
population has had some
degree of PTSD. However,
the likelihood of
developing the disorder
is greater when someone
is exposed to multiple
traumas or traumatic
events early in life (or
both), especially if the
trauma is long term or
repeated. More cases of
this disorder are found
among inner-city youths
and people who have recently
emigrated from
troubled countries. And
women seem to develop
PTSD more often than
men.
Veterans are perhaps the
people most often associated
with PTSD, or what
was once referred to as
"shell shock" or "battle
fatigue." The Anxiety
Disorders Association of
America notes that an
estimated 15 percent to
30 percent of the 3.5 million
men and women
who served in Vietnam
have suffered from
What are the symptoms of PTSD?
Although the symptoms for individuals with PTSD can vary considerably, they
generally fall into three categories:
? Re-experience - Individuals with PTSD often experience recurrent and
intrusive recollections of and/or nightmares about the stressful event.
Some may experience flashbacks, hallucinations, or other vivid feelings
of the event happening again. Others experience great psychological or
physiological distress when certain things (objects, situations, etc.) remind
them of the event. (Continued)
to a feared situation as a way of
making him or her gradually less
sensitive to it.
Cognitive therapy is therapy that
helps people with PTSD take a
close look at their thought patterns
and learn to do less negative
and nonproductive thinking.
Group therapy helps for many
people with PTSD by having
them get to know others who
have had similar situations and
learning that their fears and feelings
are not uncommon.
Medication is often used along
with psychotherapy. Antidepressant
and anti-anxiety medications
may help lessen symptoms
of PTSD such as sleep problems
(insomnia or nightmares), depression,
and edginess.
There are a variety of treatments
for PTSD, and individuals respond
to treatments differently.
PTSD often can be treated effectively
with psychotherapy or
medication or both
Behavior therapy focuses on
learning relaxation and coping
techniques. This therapy often
increases the patient's exposure
? Avoidance - Many with PTSD will persistently
avoid things that remind them
of the traumatic event. This can result in
avoiding everything from thoughts, feelings,
or conversations associated with
the incident to activities, places, or people
that cause them to recall the event. In
others there may be a general lack of responsiveness
signaled by an inability to
recall aspects of the trauma, a decreased
interest in formerly important activities,
a feeling of detachment from others, a
limited range of emotion, and/or feelings
of hopelessness about the future.
? Increased arousal - Symptoms in this
area may include difficulty falling or
staying asleep, irritability or outbursts of
anger, difficulty concentrating, becoming very
alert or watchful and/or jumpiness and being easily
startled.
? It is important to note that those with PTSD often
use alcohol or other drugs in an attempt to selfmedicate.
Individuals with this disorder may also
be at an increased risk for suicide.
their families, friends, mental
health professionals and supportive
members of the community.
NAMI offers monthly informational
meetings, a monthly
newsletter, free educational programs,
a lending library of books
and video-tapes, and support
meetings for consumers and
families throughout the county.
NAMI San Diego, a non-profit
organization, provides education,
support services, and advocacy
to improve the quality of life
of everyone affected by mental
illnesses. It is an affiliate of the
National Alliance for the Mentally
Ill (NAMI) and NAMI California.
Its membership includes
persons with brain disorders,
For information and support, call
Albright Information
& Referral line
(800) 523-5933
(619) 543-1434
http://www.namisandiego.orgHow is PTSD treated?
What are the symptoms of PTSD? (continued)
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NAMI San Diego